實(shí)驗(yàn)應(yīng)選擇適宜的觀察對(duì)象

<div> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">為了獲得理想的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果，必須根據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康倪x擇適宜的觀察對(duì)象，在選擇動(dòng)物時(shí)，需考慮四大因素（種屬、性別、周齡或體重、狀態(tài)）：</span></strong><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋體; font-size: 9pt;">種屬的選擇</span></strong></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">不同種屬的動(dòng)物對(duì)同一疾病病因刺激的反應(yīng)程度會(huì)有很大的差異。在選擇實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物時(shí)，盡可能選擇對(duì)刺激因素較為敏感且與人類(lèi)接近的種屬。例如在進(jìn)行發(fā)熱實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)，宜家兔：在進(jìn)行過(guò)敏反應(yīng)和反應(yīng)實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)，宜豚鼠；小鼠則宜用于半數(shù)致死量等方面的觀察。</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋體; font-size: 9pt;">實(shí)驗(yàn)條件的選擇</span></strong></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><font face="宋體">由于環(huán)境因素對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果有著很強(qiáng)的干擾作用，如明、暗</font>(<font face="宋體">即光照周期</font><font face="Calibri">)</font><font face="宋體">對(duì)體內(nèi)代謝就有著重要的影響。在實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)應(yīng)選擇與受試動(dòng)物自然生活盡量一致的實(shí)驗(yàn)環(huán)境或人為地將實(shí)驗(yàn)環(huán)境控制到符合條件的程度。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋體; font-size: 9pt;">性別的選擇</span></strong></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">由于成年雌性動(dòng)物的代謝存在著明顯的性周期的變化，這些變化會(huì)影響受試動(dòng)物對(duì)某些實(shí)驗(yàn)因素的反應(yīng)狀態(tài)。因而在選擇實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物時(shí)，一般多用雄性動(dòng)物，但熱板法鎮(zhèn)痛實(shí)驗(yàn)不宜選用雄性小鼠或大鼠，半數(shù)致死量的測(cè)定應(yīng)雌雄各半。</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋體; font-size: 9pt;">狀態(tài)的選擇</span></strong></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物對(duì)人類(lèi)疾病的表達(dá)程度及對(duì)施加因素的反應(yīng)情況，除了與動(dòng)物自身的生理特征有關(guān)外，還受動(dòng)物的狀態(tài)，如是否饑餓、睡眠是否足夠、是否患有其他疾病等的影響。因此，應(yīng)選擇健康、反應(yīng)機(jī)敏以及其它各個(gè)方面條件盡量一致的動(dòng)物作為觀察對(duì)象。</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋體; font-size: 9pt;">周齡或體重的選擇</span></strong></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><font face="宋體">一般選擇成年動(dòng)物，小鼠體重</font>18-22g<font face="宋體">，大鼠體重</font><font face="Calibri">200-250g</font><font face="宋體">，豚鼠體重</font><font face="Calibri">350-450g</font><font face="宋體">，家兔體重</font><font face="Calibri">2.5-3.5kg</font><font face="宋體">，</font><font face="Calibri">beagle</font><font face="宋體">犬體重</font><font face="Calibri">8-20kg</font><font face="宋體">。但有些實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)動(dòng)物體重或周齡有特殊要求，如大鼠足腫脹法的抗炎實(shí)驗(yàn)，宜選用</font><font face="Calibri">120-150kg</font><font face="宋體">的大鼠，對(duì)致炎劑敏感。制作大鼠腦</font><font face="Calibri">yong</font><font face="宋體">久性低灌注模型時(shí)，宜選用</font><font face="Calibri">13</font><font face="宋體">周齡以上的大鼠，可大大降低死亡率。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div>